# The `.wob` format v2 — normative reference > Copied verbatim from the normative section of > [`docs/superpowers/plans/2026-08-01-wob-format-and-vm-core.md`](../../superpowers/plans/2026-08-01-wob-format-and-vm-core.md) > (plan 1 of the approved spec > [`2026-08-01-oop-compiler-vm-design.md`](../../superpowers/specs/2026-08-01-oop-compiler-vm-design.md)). > The machine-readable twin is [`runtime/src/wob.h`](../../../runtime/src/wob.h) — > constants there and prose here must never disagree. The test-side assembler > `runtime/test/wob_build.c` is a second, independent encoding; builder/loader > disagreements surface as test failures. All integers little-endian; offsets are absolute file offsets. **Header (44 bytes):** magic `"WOB1"`, version 6 (iteration 36; see "v6: the Int bitwise set" below — v5 was iteration 19's "v5: Float and Bytes"), then offset/count u32 pairs for the constant pool, class table, interface section, and method table, then a u32 entry-method index (all-ones = none). **Constant pool** — sequential entries: one tag byte; tag 0 = i64 follows; tag 1 = text (u32 length + bytes, no NUL); tag 2 = f64 as its IEEE 754 bit pattern in an LE u64 (v5). There is no Bytes tag: Bytes has no literal form. **Class table** — per class: name constant index, flags u32 (bit0 = instances are `@gc`), field count, then one kind byte per field padded to a 4-byte boundary, then **three u32 arrays of per-field metadata** (v2), one entry per field each, in declaration order: 1. `field_names[i]` — constant index of the field's name, or all-ones for "not recorded" (what a hand-built test image writes). 2. `field_class[i]` — the class id the field refers to: its own class for an OWNED/GCREF field, its *element's* class for a container of records; `0xFFFFFFFE` marks a `json.Value` field, whose Text holds a raw JSON slice; `0xFFFFFFFD` a nullable scalar (`WO_NIL_SCALAR` nil); `0xFFFFFFFC` a plain `Bool` (json encodes `true`/`false`); `0xFFFFFFFB` a `?Bool` (both); `0xFFFFFFFA` a `?Float` (v5 — nil is `WO_NIL_FLOAT`, not `WO_NIL_SCALAR`); all-ones for none. 3. `field_elem[i]` — a container field's element kinds: a MULTI's element kind, or a MAP's key kind in the low nibble and value kind in the next; 0 otherwise. Field kinds: 0 SCALAR, 1 OWNED, 2 GCREF, 3 TEXT, 4 MULTI, 5 MAP, **6 FLOAT, 7 BYTES** (v5). Runtime object layout: 16-byte header then one 8-byte slot per field, in declaration order. The metadata exists for exactly one reason: `json.encode`/`json.decode` are runtime services driven by class metadata (`runtime/src/json.c`) rather than per-type generated code, so the names a JSON object needs and the shapes a decode has to build must live in the image. Every other part of the runtime ignores it. **Interface section** — per interface: name constant index, method count. Global *slot ids* are assigned sequentially across interfaces in declaration order. Then a vtable row count and rows: class id, interface id, one method index per interface method. **Method table** — per method: name constant index, class id (all-ones = free fn), arg count u8, register count u8, reserved u16, code length in bytes (multiple of 4), the u32 instructions, a line table (count + ascending pc→line pairs), and a drop table (count + ascending entries of pc, owned-register bitmask u64, gc-register bitmask u64). Drop-table lookup = last entry with pc ≤ current pc; no entry means nothing live. **Instructions** — fixed 32-bit, Lua-style fields: opcode byte, A byte, then either B and C bytes or a 16-bit Bx (signed jumps encode as Bx − 32768). | op | name | semantics (in words) | | --- | --- | --- | | 0 | NOP | nothing | | 1 | LOADK A Bx | register A = constant Bx (int inline; text = pointer to interned const string) | | 2 | MOVE A B | copy register; for owned values this IS the move — compiler guarantees the source is dead | | 3–7 | ADD/SUB/MUL/DIV/NEG | i64 arithmetic, two's-complement wrapping (no signed-overflow UB); DIV traps on zero divisor and on INT64_MIN ÷ −1 | | 8 | CONCAT A B C | new owned text from two texts | | 9–12 | EQ/LT/LE/EQS | i64 compares and text-content equality, result 0/1 | | 13–14 | JMP / JZ | relative jump (JZ when register A is zero) | | 15 | CALL A Bx | call method Bx; callee's register window starts at caller base + A (register-window overlap, Lua-style); args sit at A, A+1, …; return value lands back in slot A | | 16 | ICALL A Bx | interface call by global slot id Bx; receiver in A; vtable lookup by the receiver's class | | 17–18 | RET A / RET0 | return value from register A (or zero), pop frame | | 19 | NEW A Bx | new zeroed instance of class Bx | | 20–21 | GETF / SETF | field read/write with runtime null/native/bounds checks (trap T_BOUNDS); overwriting a non-scalar field does NOT auto-drop the old value — the compiler emits the drop | | 22 | DROP A | recursively drop the owned value in A per its class drop plan, null the register | | 23–26 | BORROW_S/BORROW_X/RELEASE_S/RELEASE_X | borrow-word ops on the object in A; violation traps T_BORROW | | 27–28 | *reserved* | were RC_INC/RC_DEC; retired with reference counting in v4 (iteration 7b) — the loader rejects them like any unknown opcode | | 29 | BUILTIN A B C | register A = builtin C applied to args starting at register B (fixed arity per builtin; `multi_new`/`map_new` carry kind immediates in B instead) | | 30 | DB_STUB | trap T_DB "engine not linked" (spec: SQL-layer statements in milestone 1) | | 31 | TRAP Bx | explicit trap with code Bx | | 32 | TRY A sBx | push a catch frame for this frame and window: handler at pc + sBx, error record register A (haxe-parity Task 5) | | 33 | ENDTRY | pop the innermost catch frame — the try region completed without trapping | | 34–38 | FADD/FSUB/FMUL/FDIV/FNEG | f64 arithmetic on the register's bits (v5). **None of these trap**: IEEE 754 quiet semantics, so `x/0.0` is ±Inf and `0.0/0.0` is NaN. FNEG flips the sign bit, so `-0.0` is reachable | | 39–41 | FEQ/FLT/FLE | f64 IEEE compares, result 0/1 — so any comparison involving NaN is 0, and `0.0 == -0.0` is 1. Not a total order; indexes and order-by use the `float_cmp` builtin instead | | 42–46 | BAND/BOR/BXOR/SHL/SHR | i64 bitwise (v6, iteration 36). Int-only — woc refuses Float/Bool/Text operands, so no F-twin exists. SHL shifts the unsigned word (wrapping, like ADD); **SHR is arithmetic** (the sign bit extends). A shift count outside 0..63 traps T_SHIFT — never the hardware's silent count%64; a *literal* out-of-range count is rejected at compile time (WO-E223), so the trap only ever fires on variable counts | **try/catch (Task 5).** A trap raised while a catch frame is live unwinds every frame *above* the catching one exactly as an uncaught trap does (drop maps run, registers null), then releases what the try region owned in the catching frame — the difference between the drop entry at the trapping instruction and the one at the handler pc — and resumes at the handler instead of leaving the VM. A frame that returns takes its still-open catch frames with it, so a `return` out of a try region cannot leave a handler pointing at a dead window. With no catch frame live, a trap behaves byte-for-byte as it did before v2. The catch arm's error record is an ordinary compiler-allocated object filled by the `err_fill` builtin (field order: 0 code, 1 line, 2 method, 3 msg). **Builtins:** now (ms), print (text), print_int, words (whitespace token count), multi_new/multi_push/multi_get/count/latest, map_new/map_set/map_get/map_has, int_to_text (haxe-parity Task 2), variant_tag (haxe-parity Task 4 — see "Enum payload variants" below), err_fill (Task 5's catch record), then the systems stdlib: - **text/containers** — len, byte_at, print_err, starts_with, ends_with, index_of, last_index_of, substr, trim, to_lower, char_of, parse_int, split, split_ws, join, slice, pop, shift, sort, reverse, remove, key_at, val_at, multi_set. Ids 16–39; `runtime/src/builtin.c`. - **the OS half** — fs.exists/list/stat/read_all/read_at/append, time.sleep/local/iso, env.get/stopping, net.listen/accept/read/write/close, proc.run. Ids 40–56; `runtime/src/sysio.c`. A member that returns a record takes that record's **class id as its last argument**, so the VM allocates what it fills without knowing any source type name. - **json** — encode (value + the value's static kind), decode (text + the class id to build). Ids 57–58; `runtime/src/json.c`. Decode yields the zero word on malformed input rather than trapping, which is what makes `json.decode(t) as T` a checked decode. - **59 `map_get_opt`** (`m[k]`'s optional read), **60 `text_copy`** (Text's ownership-boundary copy — Task 1 of the executable plan). - **database** — **61 `db_insert`** (iteration 9, Task 3): window is R[B] = class id, R[B+1..] = one slot per **declared** field in declaration order; result R[A] = the new row's id. The loader validates the class-id slot statically (variable window: the field slots are validated at runtime by the engine against the class table). Engine failure traps `WO_T_DB`; a failed WAL commit traps `WO_T_IO` after un-applying the row. `database/src/db.c`. **`?T` and nil.** A heap-shaped optional (`?Text`, `?Rec`, `?multi`, `?map`, `?@gc`) stores what `T` stores and spells nil as the **zero word** — every per-kind drop plan already ignores a zero slot, so `?T`'s field kind is `T`'s. A **nullable scalar** (`?Int`, `?Bool`, `?Timestamp`, `?Id`) cannot: `0` is a perfectly good `Int`, and real programs store it in a `?Int`. Its nil is therefore `WO_NIL_SCALAR` = −2^62 (not `INT64_MIN`: the compiler's own integers are 63-bit, so that value is not expressible on the emitting side). Such a field is marked `WOB_FIELD_NIL_SCALAR` in `field_class[i]`, which is how the runtime knows to write that word where it must produce absence itself — today only `json.decode` leaving a key absent, and `parse_int` on unparseable input. `EQS` accepts a nil operand for the same reason: two `?Text` values compare with it, and the answer is "both absent is equal, one absent is not". A non-nil operand must still be a real Text. **Trap codes:** DIV0, BORROW, STACK, OOM, DB, BOUNDS, KEY, EXPLICIT, IO (a syscall the source cannot prevent said no — errno's message rides in the error record), UNIQUE, FK, SHIFT (v6 — a variable shift count outside 0..63). ## v5: Float and Bytes (iteration 19) The version bump is real: an image written before this iteration is rejected, and so is one written after it by an older runtime. Both directions are deliberate — the new kind bytes and the new constant tag would be silently misread otherwise, and a misread f64 is a plausible-looking wrong number rather than a crash. **What v5 adds** - Constant tag `2` — an f64 as its raw IEEE 754 bits in an LE u64. Bits, not a decimal rendering, so a literal reaches the VM exactly as written and no parse/print round trip sits between source and register. - Field kind `6 FLOAT` — word-shaped like SCALAR (the slot holds f64 bits), but its own kind because three services cannot guess from a register alone: json (a Float field must emit `9.99`, not `4621...`), the WAL (replay must not reinterpret the word), and printing. - Field kind `7 BYTES` — pointer-shaped like TEXT and sharing the `wo_str` object layout byte for byte, differing only in the header's `class_id` (`WO_CLS_BYTES`). That distinct id is what lets a Text builtin refuse a Bytes and vice versa; `WO_B_TEXT_COPY` preserves the kind, so every copy-on-ownership-boundary already handles both. - `field_class` marker `0xFFFFFFFA` — a `?Float`. Nil is `WO_NIL_FLOAT`, a reserved quiet NaN (`0x7FF8000000000EE1`), because neither of the existing sentinels works: the zero word is `+0.0`, and `WO_NIL_SCALAR`'s bit pattern *is* `-2.0`. A computed NaN is the platform's canonical quiet NaN, so it never collides; the cost is one NaN payload out of 2^51, exactly as `?Int` costs one absurd integer. - Opcodes `34–41` — the f64 arithmetic and compare set (table above). - Builtins `70–83` — `float`/`trunc`/`parse_float`/`float_to_text`/`float_cmp`, then the Bytes surface (`bytes_len`/`bytes_at`/`bytes_slice`/`bytes_eq`/ `bytes_concat`/`base64_encode`/`base64_decode`/`bytes_of_text`/ `text_of_bytes`). **Two numeric worlds, no implicit crossing.** Int keeps its DIV0 trap; Float never traps. There is no coercion in either direction — not in arithmetic, not in comparison, not in `==` — and the typechecker reports a mix as WO-E201 rather than letting the emitter pick an opcode from one side and misread the other. `float(i)` and `trunc(f)` are the only bridges; `trunc` traps `WO_T_BOUNDS` on NaN, ±Inf, and anything outside i64, because the Int world has no value to hand back and returning 0 is how currency bugs start. **One deliberate deviation from IEEE: the total order.** `FLT`/`FLE`/`FEQ` are IEEE, so `NaN < 1.0` is false and `NaN == NaN` is false. But an index and an `order by` *require* a total order — otherwise a sort's result depends on the comparison sequence and a B-tree walk loses rows. The `float_cmp` builtin provides it: `-Inf < finite < +Inf < NaN`, with `-0.0` equal to `+0.0`. Index keys are canonicalized to match (`table.c`'s `idx_float_key`: every NaN maps to the canonical one, `-0.0` maps to `+0.0`), so a `unique` Float column treats `-0.0` and `0.0` as the same key and a probe for one finds a row stored as the other. FLOAT is therefore an indexable kind; BYTES is not, this iteration. **Rendering.** One renderer (`wo_float_text`) serves interpolation, `float_to_text`, and `json.encode`, so the three can never disagree. It picks the fewest significant digits that reparse to the same *bits*, then prefers fixed notation over exponential across the range `1e-6 … 1e21` — "shortest" alone would render a price of `900.0` as `9e+02`. A rendering always carries a `.` or an exponent, so a Float never prints as `1` where an Int would. **json boundaries.** A Float field accepts the whole JSON number grammar, fractions and exponents included (an Int field's strictness is unchanged — a fraction there still fails the decode whole). A non-finite Float encodes as `null`, because JSON has no `nan`/`inf` literal and emitting one would be invalid JSON. A Bytes field crosses as a base64 string, matching `base64_encode`'s alphabet exactly. ## v6: the Int bitwise set (iteration 36) The version bump is the same contract v5 set: an image is rejected in both age directions, because an older runtime meeting opcode 42 would bail on "unknown opcode" only after the loader trusted the rest of the header. **What v6 adds** — nothing but opcodes and one trap kind: no new constant tag, field kind, or section. - Opcodes `42–46` — `BAND`/`BOR`/`BXOR`/`SHL`/`SHR`, three-register i64 forms (table above). Int-only by the checker, so unlike v5 there is no parallel F-set and no mode bit. - Trap kind `T_SHIFT` (12) — a variable shift count outside 0..63. The DIV0 precedent, deliberately NOT x86's silent count-mod-64 (`x << 64` must never quietly equal `x`) and NOT Go's saturate-to-0/-1 (spec surface serving generic-width code this language does not have). A literal count is rejected at compile time as WO-E223, so the trap is reachable only through a count computed at run time. - `>>` is **arithmetic** — the sign bit extends, Go's own choice for a signed integer, and this language's one Int is signed 64-bit. Byte-mask code (crypto, base64) never notices: its values keep the sign bit clear, where arithmetic and logical shifts agree bit for bit. - Source-side companions that need no format space: hex/binary/underscore Int literals (a literal is pool bits by the time it reaches the image), boolean `not` (lowered on the existing EQ against a zero constant, the same no-new-opcode doctrine as and/or's JZ lowering), and the compound assigns (parse-time sugar — `x += e` IS `x = x + e`, dead by emit time). ## Enum payload variants (haxe-parity compiler Task 4) `.wob` v1 is unchanged — no new section, no new header field, no version bump. A union with at least one payload variant (`type Status = Pending | Failed(reason: Text)`) compiles to **one ordinary class-table entry per variant**, named `"."` in the constant pool (source identifiers can never contain a dot, so the composite name cannot collide with a declared class — the same convention the method table already uses for `"Class.method"`). A variant's payload fields are the entry's fields, declaration order, ordinary kind bytes — so a variant object is dropped, masked, and cycle-scanned exactly like any other instance, including recursive payload frees, with zero collector changes. **The variant tag IS the class-table index**, carried by the object header's existing `class_id` field — nothing new is stored and `NEW` needs no change. The one VM addition is builtin **14 `variant_tag`**: register A = the header `class_id` of the object in register B, so a `switch` over a payload union reads the tag once and compares it against `LOADK`-ed class-id constants — no per-arm allocation. It traps `T_BOUNDS` on a null receiver or a native (`WO_CLS_*`) class id, the same defense `ICALL` keeps; a non-pointer register stays the compiler's to prevent (untyped registers, the residual-check doctrine). `variant_tag` is compiler-internal: it is not a source-callable name and does not appear in [`08-builtin-surface.md`](08-builtin-surface.md). An **all-bare union** (`type CronResult = Ok | ErrorFinal | Miss`) never reaches this file's format at all: its values are plain integer ordinals (0, 1, 2 … in declaration order) in `WO_K_SCALAR` positions, compared with `EQ` — no class entries, no heap objects, no `variant_tag`. **Payload move-out** (Task 4 fix rounds 1–2): a `switch` arm that yields its own payload binding as the switch's value (`case Boxed(b): b;`) MOVES the payload out of the variant object — **pointer-kind fields only** (OWNED/GCREF/TEXT/MULTI/MAP). The convention needs no format or collector change: the compiler emits a `SETF` writing zero into the moved field right after the value lands in its new owner's register, and the shell's ordinary recursive drop plan — which already skips zero slots for every kind (`runtime/src/gc.c wo_drop_kind`) — thereby frees the shell only. Escaping a **SCALAR** field (Int/Bool/Timestamp/Id/`ref`, a bare-union tag) is a plain COPY: no ownership moves and the field is left intact — nulling it would corrupt the subject with a value indistinguishable from a legitimate 0. A DISCARDED yield (statement-position switch) does not null either: the shell keeps the payload and frees it as usual. **Re-reading a moved-out payload is nil**: the field holds the zero word, so a later `switch` over the same subject GETFs 0 into the binding and any use of it traps `T_BOUNDS` ("null receiver") — memory-safe and defined, the residual-check doctrine's direction; a later task may promote this to a compile-time partial-move diagnostic (WO-E301 family). One companion rule on the caller side: an **owned heap temporary** passed as a borrow argument — a record/class constructor literal, a variant construction, or an owned-returning call (`peek(Pay{})`, `get(Boxed(Pay{}))`) — is copied to a stable register below the call window and `DROP`ped by the caller once the call returns (`take` arguments are the callee's to drop; places are their scope's; traced and `Text` temporaries are excluded — the collector's and the Copy-aliasing story's, respectively). Recursive drop is correct both ways, because a payload the callee moved out left the field nulled. **Typedef records** (`typedef Name = { ... }`) are ordinary class-table entries too, with one compiler-side convention the loader never sees: two records with the same shape (same ordered fields, same types, same defaults) share a single entry — structural aliasing decided entirely at emit time. ## Single-binary trailer (`woc build`, plan 3 Task 6) This section is **not part of the `.wob` format above** — `.wob` v1 is unchanged. It documents the wrapper a *deployable executable* carries: `woc build -o app` makes `app` by copying the `wovm` runtime binary and appending the compiled `.wob` image plus a small fixed-size trailer. `wovm`'s own startup (`runtime/src/main.c`) looks for this trailer in its own executable (`/proc/self/exe`) before falling back to the classic `wovm file.wob` argv contract, so the result runs standalone with no separate `.wob` file. Writer: `compiler/bin/main.ml`. Reader: `runtime/src/main.c`'s `load_self_embedded`. Append-based only, deliberately — no ELF section manipulation. **Layout** — the trailer is the fixed **last 20 bytes** of the file, all integers little-endian, found by seeking from the end (no scanning): ``` byte offset from EOF size field -20 8 payload_off -- absolute file offset where the embedded .wob image starts -12 8 payload_len -- length in bytes of the embedded .wob image -4 4 magic -- 0x31544257 ("WBT1" read as LE u32, mirrors WOB_MAGIC's "WOB1") [ wovm runtime bytes (payload_off bytes) ][ .wob image (payload_len bytes) ][ trailer: payload_off | payload_len | magic ] ^ byte 0 ^ byte payload_off ^ byte payload_off+payload_len == file_size-20 file_size ^ ``` **Reader algorithm** (`load_self_embedded`): open `/proc/self/exe`; if the file is shorter than 20 bytes, or its last 4 bytes don't equal the magic, there is no trailer — fall back to the argv `.wob` path unchanged. If the magic matches, `payload_off` and `payload_len` are validated to account for *every* trailing byte exactly (`payload_off + payload_len == file_size - 20`, checked via a bounds-safe subtraction so a corrupt/huge value can't wrap the arithmetic and slip past); any mismatch is reported as a clear "corrupt trailer" error (exit 2) rather than a crash or silent misbehavior. On success, the executable is mmap'd and `wo_load_buf` parses the embedded region exactly as `wo_load_file` parses a standalone `.wob` today — argv is never consulted. **Runtime location (writer side):** `--runtime ` wins when given; otherwise the default is `runtime/wovm` resolved relative to the current working directory (the same repo-root-relative assumption every other `just`/build-tooling entry point in this repo already makes). A missing runtime binary is a build-time error naming the recipe: `make -C runtime wovm`. `woc build` never invokes or inspects the runtime binary beyond reading its bytes — it does not need to be executable *as run by woc*, only as run by whoever runs the produced artifact. **Edge cases decided for `woc build`** (each implemented deliberately, not left to fall out accidentally): - **Output path already exists:** overwritten, but atomically — the new binary is assembled in a temp file (`.woc-build.tmp`, freshly created with mode `0755` each time so a stale temp file's permissions can never leak through) next to `-o`, then renamed over it. A failed build (bad compile, missing runtime, disk-full mid-write) never clobbers a previously-working binary with a partial one. - **A directory with no `main`:** unlike `--emit` (where a `.wob` with no entry method is a legitimate, already-specified artifact), `build`'s entire purpose is something runnable, so a clean compile with no zero-argument free fn named `main` is a **build-time error, no output written** — not deferred to `wovm`'s own "module has no entry method" message at run time. Detected by reading the compiled image's own entry field (`WOB_OFF_ENTRY`, offset 40) rather than plumbing a new return value through the emitter. - **`--runtime` itself already carries a trailer** (rebuilding from a previously-built single binary): its embedded payload is *stripped* before copying — the writer recognizes its own trailer on the input runtime binary the same way the C reader does, and keeps only the pristine runtime prefix (`payload_off` bytes). This makes `woc build ... --runtime already-built-app -o new-app` produce a binary byte-identical in size to building fresh from `runtime/wovm` directly, instead of chaining stale payloads and bloating on every rebuild. Any input that doesn't unambiguously look like our own trailer (wrong magic, or offsets that don't exactly account for every trailing byte) is left untouched and copied as-is — the safe default when it's not certain.