---
track: databasev2
iteration: "3"
was_language_iteration: "32"
status: done
chain: 6
---

# databasev2 3 — WAL checkpoint: disk space reclamation and bounded replay

> **Moved 2026-08-26** from the language track, where this was iteration 32.
> Part of [Story — the database beyond RAM](../language-runtime-database/00-story.md). Content unchanged by
> the move; its dependencies are restated in that track index.

> Format: `product/story-iteration-template`. Part of
> [Story — one language, one runtime, one database, one binary](../language-runtime-database/00-story.md).
>
> **Inserted 2026-08-21** (stage-3 guarantee refinement found the hole):
> the WAL is append-only FOREVER — no checkpoint, no truncation exists
> in the engine or anywhere on the roadmap. Disk grows without bound and
> replay time grows with history, so restart cost rises with every write
> the program ever made. RAM reclamation already exists (deleted rows
> free their slot — [`04-db-binding.md`](../../plan/oop-vm/04-db-binding.md):
> "Ids are never reused; slots are"); this iteration is the DISK half.
> LAST in the concurrency chain:
> **stage 3 → 22 → 31 → 24 → 23 → 32** — it wants 22's measured
> replay/restart numbers to justify its policy and must compose with
> 23's group-commit write path.

> **BRAINSTORMED 2026-08-28.** Spec:
> [`2026-08-28-wal-checkpoint-design.md`](../../superpowers/specs/2026-08-28-wal-checkpoint-design.md)
> · plan: [`2026-08-28-wal-checkpoint.md`](../../superpowers/plans/2026-08-28-wal-checkpoint.md)
> (6 tasks).
> Read `.dev/reference/postgresql` for this — and the conclusion was that
> Postgres' design is *unavailable* to us, which is what makes the simpler one
> legitimate.
>
> **The design in one sentence:** compact the log by rewriting it as one record
> per live row into a temp file, then `rename` it over the live WAL. Recovery is
> **completely unchanged** — boot still opens one file and replays it — and the
> crash criterion is satisfied by the filesystem rather than by code we must get
> right.
>
> **Why one file works here and not in Postgres.** Postgres never compacts its
> WAL: its records are page deltas, so a compacted redo log is not a store, and
> it must keep heap files, a control file, a redo pointer and a second recovery
> source. Ours are **full row images** — `apply_record` implements UPDATE as
> remove-then-recreate — so a compacted log *is* a complete store. That one
> difference deletes the control file, the redo pointer, the cutoff offset and
> the separate process from the design.
>
> **Forks settled:** no snapshot format (the compacted log is the snapshot); one
> source, not two; **volume-only trigger** as a ratio against the last
> compaction's own measured output, with an absolute floor — **no timer**,
> because Postgres' timer exists to bound loss from unflushed buffers and we have
> none; stop-the-world, with the pause measured against a stated budget rather
> than assumed acceptable.
>
> **The coupling that would otherwise be found late:** compaction moves every
> record, so it **invalidates every WAL offset**
> [iteration 2](02-table-storage-modes.md)'s `resident: keys` stores. The
> compactor rebuilds the offset map as it writes. Recorded now because iteration
> 2's storage half is unimplemented, so nothing breaks today — it would break
> later, looking like corruption rather than a design gap.
>
> **Measured on master 2026-08-28, grounding the whole iteration:** `seed 20000`
> leaves a 986 614-byte log; 20 000 updates take it to **2 590 262 bytes with the
> same live rows** (2.6× history for no data), and boot+verify on that store is
> **155 ms**.

## Progress — landed 2026-08-29

| # | Task | State |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | `wo_wal_compact` — rewrite, fsync, rename, fsync parent, reopen | ✅ `8ea510d` |
| 2 | a stale compaction temp is removed at open | ✅ `8bfbd4b` |
| 3 | the trigger (pure decision + env knobs) and the ordering guard | ✅ `6dbcb9a` |
| 4 | `kill -9` DURING compaction — 40 rounds, mutation-proven | ✅ `9b283d5` |
| 5 | measure space, boot and the stop-the-world pause | ✅ `d87f65a` |
| 6 | closeout | ✅ this change |

### Measured

| | checkpointing off | checkpointing on |
| --- | --- | --- |
| WAL used | 1 962 358 B | **907 094 B** |
| boot | 114 ms | **64 ms** |

**2.16× space reclaimed, 1.78× faster boot**, stop-the-world pause **2 651 µs**
against a stated 50 ms budget. Full details, including the pause's scaling, are
in [`perf-targets.md`](../../plan/perf-targets.md) §7.

### Two bugs the work found, both mine

**Wiring only the drain left `WO_SHARDS=1` never compacting** — its log grew
forever (536 KB where the multi-shard run held 446 KB), because a statement on
the owner shard never enters that drain. Both write paths now check.

**The dump was 8× slower than it needed to be**, flushing through the
committing path and so paying one `fdatasync` per 256 records for durability
that is worthless before the rename. One final barrier took the pause from
107 649 µs to 13 212 µs on a 2 MB live set — ~22 MB/s to ~181 MB/s.

## Acceptance Criteria

Met:

- **Given** an aged store, **when** it is compacted, **then** disk is reclaimed.
  ✅ 2.16× on the full campaign, asserted rather than merely recorded — the leg
  fails if the log is not smaller with checkpointing on.
- **Given** the same store, **when** it boots, **then** replay is bounded by the
  live set rather than by history. ✅ 114 → 64 ms.
- **Given** `kill -9` at ANY instant during a checkpoint, **when** the process
  restarts, **then** recovery produces the same consistent store as if the
  checkpoint had never started, with no acknowledged write lost. ✅ 40 rounds
  per run, 10 consecutive clean runs, and **proven to have teeth**: against the
  design's rejected alternative (in-place rewrite instead of `rename`) the
  battery fails every run with the log destroyed.
- **Given** the iteration-22 replay numbers, **then** a before/after delta is
  recorded. ✅ `perf-targets.md` §7.
- **Given** writes arriving while a checkpoint runs, **then** the ack contract
  holds. ✅ compaction runs only where nothing is staged, asserted by a test
  that stages and requires refusal; `wo_wal_compact` also refuses as a backstop.

Outstanding:

- **The `resident: keys` offset map.** Compaction moves every record, so it
  invalidates every WAL offset [iteration 2](02-table-storage-modes.md) stores.
  The compactor must rebuild that map as it writes. **Nothing fails today**
  because iteration 2's storage half is unimplemented — which is exactly why the
  obligation is written at the compactor in `wal.c`, where the next implementer
  hits it, rather than only in a spec they may not read.
- **The pause is O(live rows).** At ~181 MB/s a 1 GB live set implies ~5.5 s,
  past any interactive budget. Incremental or forked copying was deliberately
  not bought in advance; this is the number to buy it against.

## Goals

- **Disk space is reclaimed.** A checkpoint writes the live store as a
  snapshot and truncates the WAL behind it; deleted rows and
  overwritten versions stop occupying disk forever.
- **Replay is bounded.** Startup replays snapshot + WAL tail, not the
  program's whole write history — restart time becomes a function of
  store size, not store age.
- **Every existing guarantee holds byte-for-byte.** Ack-after-durable,
  replay-whole-or-not-at-all, torn-tail drop, ids never reused — a
  checkpoint changes where bytes live, never what an ack means. A crash
  DURING checkpoint recovers from the previous snapshot + full tail:
  the old WAL is not truncated until the new snapshot is durable.

## Acceptance Criteria (draft — the spec refines)

- **Given** a store with N rows after many writes and deletes, **when**
  a checkpoint completes, **then** disk usage reflects the live rows
  (plus the WAL tail), and a restart replays snapshot + tail to the
  byte-identical store.
- **Given** kill -9 at ANY instant during a checkpoint, **when** the
  process restarts, **then** recovery produces the same consistent
  store as if the checkpoint had never started — no acknowledged write
  lost, no partial snapshot ever read.
- **Given** the iteration-22 restart benchmark re-run after checkpoint
  lands, **when** replay time is measured on an aged store, **then**
  the bounded-replay improvement is recorded as a before/after delta.
- **Given** writes arriving while a checkpoint runs (the DB actor
  serializes statements; the checkpoint must not stall them beyond the
  stated budget), **when** the mixed load completes, **then** every ack
  held its durability contract and the tail contains exactly the
  post-snapshot writes.

## Out Of Scope

- MVCC / multi-version reads — the store is update-in-place RAM; "old
  versions" exist only as WAL history, which is exactly what truncation
  reclaims.
- Incremental/streaming backup, point-in-time recovery — a snapshot is
  a recovery artifact here, not a backup product.
- Cross-shard checkpoint coordination — the WAL is owner-shard-only
  (stage 3's rule); one shard, one checkpoint.
- Compression, dedup, tiering — measure first (22), add only what a
  number justifies.

## Info

Forks the spec must settle:

1. **Snapshot format** — a row-image dump of the live store (simple,
   O(live rows)) vs a rewritten-compacted WAL (reuses replay machinery,
   O(live rows) too but stays in one format). Leaning: row-image dump
   in the WAL's existing record grammar, so replay needs no second
   decoder.
2. **Trigger policy** — size threshold (WAL bytes vs snapshot bytes
   ratio), boot-time compaction, explicit call, or some mix. Leaning:
   ratio threshold checked at commit, plus manual trigger for tests;
   decided against 22's numbers.
3. **Write availability during checkpoint** — stop-the-world dump
   (simplest; the DB actor just runs one long "statement") vs
   fork-and-dump vs incremental copy. Leaning: measure the
   stop-the-world pause on the 1M-row store first (22); complexity only
   if the pause breaks a stated budget.
4. **Composition with 23** — the snapshot's durability barrier rides
   the same per-shard ring (WRITE+FSYNC chain, then the truncate);
   ordering vs in-flight group commits must be stated normatively in
   [`04-db-binding.md`](../../plan/oop-vm/04-db-binding.md)'s WAL
   section.

## Proposed Solution

Brainstorm → spec → plan after 23 lands (the write path it composes
with) using 22's aged-store replay numbers as the policy input; extend
`04-db-binding.md`'s WAL section with the snapshot format the way the
record grammar is documented today.