writeonce/scripts/db-bench.py
shoney.arickathil 02b4b13a52 Merge master into db-residency-doctrine — and close the two half-exposed features
The branch was 17 ahead / 25 behind with 11 conflicting files, and drifting
further: db.c had been rewritten twice on master since (group commit, then
compaction). Resolved rather than rebased so both histories stay legible.

Conflicts, and how each was settled:

- db.c: BOTH semantics kept. Master's fatal path and compaction check now sit
  behind the branch's `table_is_durable` predicate, in all three inline arms —
  a volatile table reaches neither the barrier nor the compaction check
- db-bench sample: every mode from both sides (growth, growth-verify, randread,
  replayseed, wmix) and ONE `boot` mode, which both sides had added
  independently
- db-bench.py: all six legs kept. Both sides had also grown the same
  WAL-size helper under different names; collapsed into one
- perf-targets: the branch's §5 (RAM ceiling) then master's §6/§7 — master's
  numbering had already assumed a §5 it did not have
- story frontmatter: master's `status` (the landing truth) plus the branch's
  `readiness` axis. 03 would have read `done` + `refine`, which is a
  contradiction — it was brainstormed and landed on master, so `ready`
- board: both standup blocks newest-first; master's chain rows (a superset);
  the branch's databasev2 1-2 rows with master's 3-4. Fixed a stray `|` in
  master's row 3
- baseline: master's, then REGENERATED from a full campaign — 143 metrics,
  132 checks, 0 failures with both sides' legs present

TWO HALF-EXPOSED FEATURES FIXED, because the merge rule is that master gets
no feature that is honoured in name only:

- `resident: keys` PARSED, set a .wob flag, and did nothing: rows stayed fully
  resident. A developer could declare a 120 GB table keys-resident, watch it
  compile, and be OOM-killed. The loader now REFUSES it with a message naming
  what to write instead, until tasks 5c/5d land. The compiler still parses it
  and its AST golden still passes, so the grammar work stays tested
- `durable: false` was honoured ONLY on the inline path. wo_db_exec_req had no
  guard at all, so a volatile table written from an actor on a worker shard
  would still be logged — precisely porch's session-table case, and precisely
  what iteration 2 exists to provide. All three request-path arms now carry the
  same predicate. Found by reading the merged code, not by a test: the obvious
  probe runs main() on the primary and therefore only exercises the inline path

Verified on the merged tree: wovm-test 0, woc-test 0, oop-e2e 122/0,
residency-accept 8/0, db-bench 132/0, linkcheck clean.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-08-29 10:14:25 +02:00

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""db-bench campaign driver (iteration 22).
Runs the docs/examples/db-bench sample across the campaign matrix
(ram/durable x 1/default shards), collects the sample's metric lines
into one results JSON, runs the durability legs (restart proof + kill -9
battery), samples RSS/fd during the mix phase (LW_SOAK discipline), and
evaluates every metric against bench/baseline.json.
scripts/db-bench.py [--quick] [--write-baseline]
Exit 0 = campaign green; 1 = gate breach or a durability leg failed.
Plan deviation, disclosed: one python driver instead of bash+python —
the live stdout sampling and JSON assembly are the whole job.
"""
import json, os, re, subprocess, sys, time, random, shutil
ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
BIN = os.path.join(ROOT, "docs/examples/db-bench/target/db-bench")
WOC = os.path.join(ROOT, "compiler/_build/default/bin/woc")
WOVM = os.path.join(ROOT, "runtime/wovm")
BASELINE = os.path.join(ROOT, "bench/baseline.json")
RESULTS_DIR = os.path.join(ROOT, "bench/results")
QUICK = "--quick" in sys.argv
WRITE_BASELINE = "--write-baseline" in sys.argv
N = 2000 if QUICK else 20000
# databasev2 4: the write-concurrent leg. `mix` writes on one op in ten with
# C=4, so group commit had almost nothing to batch there (measured mean batch
# 1.01, peak 3) — a property of that workload, not of the mechanism. C is high
# on purpose: batching is a function of how many writes are in flight, and
# measured mean batch rose 1.13 -> 1.76 -> 5.35 at C = 4 -> 16 -> 64.
WMIX_N = 4000 if QUICK else 20000
WMIX_C = 32 if QUICK else 64
# databasev2 3: the checkpoint leg. Ages a store by UPDATING the same rows, so
# history grows while the live set does not — otherwise the leg measures insert
# throughput instead of compaction.
CKPT_SEED = 2000 if QUICK else 5000
CKPT_OPS = 8000 if QUICK else 20000
# The stop-the-world budget. 50ms is a stall a serving process can absorb
# without a client noticing a timeout; measured at ~13ms for a 2MB live set,
# so this leaves real headroom while still failing before a stall becomes
# user-visible. Compaction is O(live rows), so this budget is what eventually
# forces the incremental design the spec deliberately did not buy in advance.
CKPT_PAUSE_BUDGET_US = 50000
MSG_N = 20000 if QUICK else 200000
WAL_N = 800 if QUICK else 4000
CRASH_REPS = 1 if QUICK else 3
LINE = re.compile(r"^(\w+) (\d+) (\d+) (\d+) (\d+)$")
MSGLINE = re.compile(r"^msgrate (\d+) (\d+)$")
passed, failed = [], []
def ok(name): passed.append(name); print(f"ok {name}")
def bad(name, why): failed.append(name); print(f"FAIL {name} -- {why}")
def build():
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(BIN), exist_ok=True)
r = subprocess.run([WOC, "build", os.path.join(ROOT, "docs/examples/db-bench"),
"-o", BIN, "--runtime", WOVM], capture_output=True, text=True)
if r.returncode != 0:
bad("build", r.stderr.strip()[:200]); sys.exit(1)
ok("builds")
def run(args, env_extra, timeout, sample_after=None):
"""Run the sample; return (rc, lines, rss_growth_kb, fd_growth).
sample_after: stdout prefix that starts the RSS/fd baseline (the mix
phase begins after the 'write' report line lands)."""
env = dict(os.environ); env.update(env_extra)
p = subprocess.Popen([BIN] + args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
text=True, env=env)
lines, base_rss, base_fd, peak_rss, peak_fd = [], None, None, None, None
def rss_fd():
try:
with open(f"/proc/{p.pid}/status") as f:
rss = next((int(l.split()[1]) for l in f if l.startswith("VmRSS:")), None)
fd = len(os.listdir(f"/proc/{p.pid}/fd"))
return rss, fd
except OSError:
return None, None
deadline = time.time() + timeout
import threading
def reader():
assert p.stdout is not None
for line in p.stdout:
lines.append(line.rstrip("\n"))
t = threading.Thread(target=reader); t.start()
while p.poll() is None and time.time() < deadline:
if sample_after is not None and any(l.startswith(sample_after) for l in lines):
r, f = rss_fd()
if r is not None:
if base_rss is None: base_rss, base_fd = r, f
peak_rss = r if peak_rss is None else max(peak_rss, r)
if f is not None:
peak_fd = f if peak_fd is None else max(peak_fd, f)
time.sleep(0.25)
if p.poll() is None:
p.kill(); t.join(); return 124, lines, None, None
t.join()
growth = (peak_rss - base_rss) if base_rss is not None and peak_rss is not None else None
fdg = (peak_fd - base_fd) if base_fd is not None and peak_fd is not None else None
return p.returncode, lines, growth, fdg
def parse_metrics(lines, into, prefix):
for l in lines:
m = LINE.match(l)
if m:
op, _cnt, rate, p50, p99 = m.group(1), *(int(x) for x in m.groups()[1:])
into[f"{prefix}.{op}.ops_sec"] = rate
into[f"{prefix}.{op}.p50us"] = p50
into[f"{prefix}.{op}.p99us"] = p99
m = MSGLINE.match(l)
if m:
into[f"{prefix}.msgrate.msgs_sec"] = int(m.group(2))
def wmix_leg(metrics, tag, env, data):
"""Every op a durable write, WMIX_C at once — the leg that actually
exercises group commit.
It reuses the store the `all` run just seeded (a fresh process replays it,
so `kmod` is there) and asks the runtime for its group-commit counters via
WO_WAL_STATS. The counters matter as much as the throughput: if batches are
always one the mechanism is inert and any throughput change came from
somewhere else, so a payoff would be attributed to the wrong cause."""
e = dict(env); e["WO_WAL_STATS"] = "1"
rc, lines, _, _ = run(["wmix", str(WMIX_N), str(WMIX_C)], e, 1800)
if rc != 0:
bad(f"{tag}.wmix", f"rc={rc} tail={lines[-2:]}")
return
ops = p50 = p99 = None
batches = records = peak_batch = peak_staged = None
for l in lines:
f = l.split()
if f and f[0] == "wmix" and len(f) == 5:
ops, p50, p99 = int(f[2]), int(f[3]), int(f[4])
elif f and f[0] == "walstats":
kv = dict(x.split("=", 1) for x in f[1:] if "=" in x)
batches = int(kv.get("batches", 0)); records = int(kv.get("records", 0))
peak_batch = int(kv.get("peak_batch", 0)); peak_staged = int(kv.get("peak_staged", 0))
if ops is None or batches is None:
bad(f"{tag}.wmix", "no report or no walstats line")
return
metrics[f"{tag}.wmix.ops_sec"] = ops
metrics[f"{tag}.wmix.p50us"] = p50
metrics[f"{tag}.wmix.p99us"] = p99
metrics[f"{tag}.wmix.peak_batch"] = peak_batch
metrics[f"{tag}.wmix.peak_staged"] = peak_staged
mean = round(records / batches, 2) if batches else 0
metrics[f"{tag}.wmix.mean_batch"] = mean
ok(f"{tag}.wmix: {ops} ops/sec, p50 {p50}us p99 {p99}us; "
f"{records} records over {batches} barriers (mean {mean}, peak {peak_batch}), "
f"peak staged {peak_staged}B")
# The gate that matters. Only the MULTI-shard leg can batch: a worker's
# statements marshal to shard 0 and queue, while shard-0 statements run
# inline and commit one at a time by design (see db.c).
if tag.endswith(".sN"):
if mean > 1.0:
ok(f"{tag}.wmix batches form (mean {mean} > 1)")
else:
bad(f"{tag}.wmix-inert",
f"mean batch {mean} — group commit is not engaging, so a "
f"throughput change would not be attributable to it")
def campaign():
metrics = {}
ncores = os.cpu_count() or 1
for flavor in ("ram", "durable"):
for shards in (1, ncores):
tag = f"{flavor}.s{'1' if shards == 1 else 'N'}"
env = {"WO_SHARDS": str(shards)}
data = None
if flavor == "durable":
data = os.path.join(ROOT, "bench", f"tmp.{os.getpid()}.{tag}")
os.makedirs(data, exist_ok=True)
env["WO_DATA"] = data
rc, lines, rssg, fdg = run(["all", str(N)], env, 1800, sample_after="write ")
if rc != 0:
bad(f"{tag}.all", f"rc={rc} tail={lines[-2:]}")
else:
parse_metrics(lines, metrics, tag)
ok(f"{tag}.all")
if rssg is not None:
metrics[f"{tag}.mix.rss_growth_kb"] = rssg
metrics[f"{tag}.mix.fd_growth"] = fdg
# LW_SOAK discipline: mix inserts ~N/100 rows (slab
# growth is legitimate); the budget catches MB-class
# leaks, fd growth is zero-tolerance
if fdg and fdg > 0:
bad(f"{tag}.mix.fds", f"grew {fdg}")
else:
ok(f"{tag}.mix.fds flat")
if flavor == "durable" and data:
wmix_leg(metrics, tag, env, data)
if data: shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True)
# msgrate once per shard count, RAM only (no store dependency)
for shards in (1, ncores):
tag = f"msg.s{'1' if shards == 1 else 'N'}"
# iteration 24 gave mailboxes a cap (default 1024, fail-fast trap);
# msgrate's contract is an UNBOUNDED one-way flood, so the driver
# raises the cap to the flood size — the measured number keeps
# iteration 22's semantics exactly.
rc, lines, _, _ = run(["msgrate", str(MSG_N)],
{"WO_SHARDS": str(shards), "WO_MAILBOX": str(MSG_N)}, 300)
if rc != 0:
bad(tag, f"rc={rc}")
else:
parse_metrics(lines, metrics, tag.replace("msg.", "ram."))
ok(tag)
return metrics
def durability(metrics):
ncores = os.cpu_count() or 1
for shards in (1, ncores):
s = "s1" if shards == 1 else "sN"
env = {"WO_SHARDS": str(shards)}
# restart proof
data = os.path.join(ROOT, "bench", f"tmp.{os.getpid()}.restart.{s}")
os.makedirs(data, exist_ok=True)
env["WO_DATA"] = data
rc1, _, _, _ = run(["seed", "3000"], env, 300)
rc2, lines, _, _ = run(["verify"], env, 300)
if rc1 == 0 and rc2 == 0:
ok(f"restart.{s}: seeded store replays byte-true")
else:
bad(f"restart.{s}", f"seed rc={rc1} verify rc={rc2} {lines[-1:]}")
shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True)
# crash battery: kill -9 mid-wal, verify every acked row
for rep in range(CRASH_REPS):
data = os.path.join(ROOT, "bench", f"tmp.{os.getpid()}.crash.{s}.{rep}")
os.makedirs(data, exist_ok=True)
env["WO_DATA"] = data
e = dict(os.environ); e.update(env)
p = subprocess.Popen([BIN, "wal", str(WAL_N)], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, text=True, env=e)
time.sleep(random.uniform(0.05, 0.5))
p.kill() # SIGKILL: no unwind, no flush — the honest crash
out, _ = p.communicate()
acked = 0
for l in out.splitlines():
if l.startswith("acked "):
acked = int(l.split()[1])
rc, lines, _, _ = run(["verify-acked", str(max(acked, 1))], env, 300)
if acked > 0 and rc == 0:
ok(f"crash.{s}.{rep}: {acked} acked rows all present after kill -9")
elif acked == 0:
ok(f"crash.{s}.{rep}: killed before first ack (nothing owed)")
else:
bad(f"crash.{s}.{rep}", f"acked={acked} verify rc={rc} {lines[-1:]}")
shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True)
def gate(metrics):
if not os.path.exists(BASELINE):
if WRITE_BASELINE:
write_baseline(metrics); return
bad("gate", "no bench/baseline.json (run --write-baseline once)"); return
base = json.load(open(BASELINE))
for key, spec in sorted(base.items()):
if key.startswith("_"): continue
got = metrics.get(key)
if got is None:
bad(f"gate.{key}", "metric missing from this run"); continue
val, tol, floor = spec["value"], spec.get("tolerance_pct", 15), spec.get("floor")
higher_is_better = spec.get("dir", "higher") == "higher"
if QUICK:
# quick mode: floors only — counts are too small for stable
# deltas. mix* skipped entirely: at N=2000 the completion
# POLL (20ms sleeps) dominates wall time, so its ops/sec is
# an artifact of the poll quantum, not the store.
if ".mixread." in key or ".mixwrite." in key:
ok(f"gate.{key} (skipped: quick-mode mix is poll-bound)")
continue
breach = floor is not None and ((got < floor) if higher_is_better else (got > floor))
(ok if not breach else lambda n: bad(n, f"{got} vs floor {floor}"))(f"gate.{key} (floor)")
continue
if higher_is_better:
rel_bad = got < val * (100 - tol) / 100
floor_bad = floor is not None and got < floor
else:
# sub-20µs latencies are histogram quantization: 2µs vs 1µs
# reads as "+100%" while meaning one bucket — floor-only there
rel_bad = val >= 20 and got > val * (100 + tol) / 100
floor_bad = floor is not None and got > floor
if rel_bad or floor_bad:
bad(f"gate.{key}", f"{got} vs baseline {val} (tol {tol}%, floor {floor})")
else:
ok(f"gate.{key} {got} (baseline {val})")
if WRITE_BASELINE:
write_baseline(metrics)
def tolerance_for(key):
"""The tuning POLICY lives here so --write-baseline refreshes keep it
(the first refresh silently reset hand-edits to 15% — never again).
mix*: scheduling-dependent small counts. read/query + all .sN.*:
machine jitter, and at post-index-µs scale a 1µs histogram step on a
7µs p50 is already 14%."""
# databasev2 1: footprint is a STRUCTURAL number -- 96.5 vs 320.6 B/row
# reproduced to <2% across runs -- so it gets a tight tolerance and is the
# one growth metric worth gating. The doubling COUNT and the latency
# samples are allowed to move: doublings depend on where N lands relative
# to a pow2 rehash, and at 1us p50 a single histogram step is already 100%.
if ".bytes_per_row" in key: return 10
if key.startswith("growth."): return 100
if key.startswith("ceiling."): return 100
if key.startswith("randread."): return 100
if key.startswith("replay."): return 100
# databasev2 4: batch SHAPE follows arrival timing, so gating it tightly
# would gate the scheduler — what must hold is that the mean exceeds one
# under contention, which wmix_leg asserts directly against the live run.
# wmix's throughput and latency are NOT waived: they are the payoff, and a
# blanket waiver here would have left the whole leg ungated.
if key.endswith((".wmix.mean_batch", ".wmix.peak_batch", ".wmix.peak_staged")):
return 100
# databasev2 4: DURABLE multi-shard p99 is an fsync TAIL, and group commit
# made it both noisier and legitimately higher. Measured across three full
# runs of the same build, durable.sN.mixread.p99 was 1043 / 2318 / 4147 us
# and wmix.p99 8758 / 20000 — a 2-4x spread with the box near idle, because
# a barrier now blocks the owner shard LONGER (more records per fsync) even
# though it blocks LESS OFTEN. That is the trade group commit makes on a
# single-threaded owner, and part B (async submission) is what would undo
# it. Gating a 2-4x-variable tail at 50% gates the disk, not the engine, so
# the FLOOR is the real guard here — and it is not slack: mixread's floor
# (4172us) came within 25us of tripping on the worst run.
if key.startswith("durable.sN.") and key.endswith(".p99us"):
# Widened again 2026-08-29 with more evidence: mixread p99 was measured
# at 1043 / 2318 / 4147us and mixwrite at 1623 / 4446us across runs of
# the SAME build on a near-idle box — a 3-4x spread. 100% was still
# gating the disk. The FLOOR stays the real guard and is not slack:
# mixread's came within 25us of tripping on the worst run observed.
return 300
# databasev2 3: the RECLAIM ratio is structural and gated tightly — it is
# the feature's whole claim. Boot time and the pause are wall-clock on a
# shared box and are not: waiving them all would have left the leg ungated,
# which is the mistake part A's task 4 made and had to undo.
if key in ("ckpt.boot_off_ms", "ckpt.boot_on_ms", "ckpt.pause_us_max",
"ckpt.compactions", "ckpt.bytes_off", "ckpt.bytes_on"):
return 400
# compaction BANDWIDTH is the engine's own property, so it is gated for
# real — it is what regressed 8x when the dump was fsyncing per flush
if key == "ckpt.pause_us_per_mb":
return 100
# msgrate is actor-to-actor throughput and is scheduling-bound, so its
# run-to-run spread is far wider than its old 15%. MEASURED across the 10
# full runs recorded on 2026-08-28/29 — several of them predating the
# checkpoint work — it ranged 10.7M to 17.9M msgs/sec, a 1.67x spread. A
# 15% gate on that gates the scheduler and fails intermittently whatever
# the engine does. Pre-existing; found while closing databasev2 3, not
# caused by it.
if ".msgrate." in key: return 70
if ".mixread." in key or ".mixwrite." in key: return 50
if ".sN." in key: return 50
if ".read." in key or ".query." in key: return 50
return 15
def write_baseline(metrics):
base = {"_config": {"N": N, "msg_n": MSG_N, "wal_n": WAL_N, "crash_reps": CRASH_REPS,
"note": "refresh only with a commit that says why; "
"tolerances come from tolerance_for() in the driver"}}
for k, v in sorted(metrics.items()):
if k.endswith(("rss_growth_kb", "fd_growth")): continue
# reclaim_x: MORE reclaimed is better. Recorded as lower-is-better by
# the default detector, which would have passed "no reclaim at all" and
# failed an improvement — the feature's central claim, gated backwards.
higher = k.endswith(("ops_sec", "msgs_sec", "mean_batch", "peak_batch",
"reclaim_x"))
floor_div = 8 if k.endswith("msgs_sec") else 4
# latency floors never sit below 100µs: at post-index µs scale a
# 4×1µs "catastrophe line" is noise; the tripwire means "µs became
# ms" (an O(table) relapse lands at 600µs+ and is still caught)
base[k] = {"value": v, "tolerance_pct": tolerance_for(k),
"floor": (v // floor_div if higher else max(v * 4, 100)),
"dir": "higher" if higher else "lower"}
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(BASELINE), exist_ok=True)
json.dump(base, open(BASELINE, "w"), indent=1, sort_keys=True)
ok(f"baseline written ({len(base) - 1} metrics)")
# ---- databasev2 1: the RAM ceiling -----------------------------------------
GROWTH_N = 20000 if QUICK else 200000
GROWTH_SHAPES = ("int", "text")
def cap_wrapper(mem_mb, swap_mb):
"""systemd-run --user --scope argv prefix that caps memory rootlessly, or
None when the mechanism is unavailable.
cgroup v2 with the `memory` controller delegated to the user slice is the
only mechanism used. `ulimit -v` is deliberately NOT a fallback: it bounds
address space, not resident set, which is the wrong quantity for an engine
that mallocs slabs, and ASan's huge virtual reservations trip it long
before real memory pressure. When the cap is unavailable the legs are
SKIPPED and say so -- never silently run uncapped, because "it survived on
a 32 GiB workstation" measures the workstation."""
if not shutil.which("systemd-run"):
return None
try:
with open("/proc/self/cgroup") as f:
mine = f.readline().strip().split(":")[-1]
ctl = f"/sys/fs/cgroup{os.path.dirname(mine)}/cgroup.controllers"
if "memory" not in open(ctl).read().split():
return None
except OSError:
return None
return ["systemd-run", "--user", "--scope", "--quiet",
"-p", f"MemoryMax={mem_mb}M", "-p", f"MemorySwapMax={swap_mb}M", "--"]
def parse_growth(lines):
"""(rows, rss_kb) samples plus per-decile read p50/p99, from the sample's
own `growthrss` / `growthN` lines. RSS is read by the SAMPLE, not polled
here: the driver polls every 250 ms and would miss the value AT a decile
boundary, and per-row footprint is this iteration's headline number."""
pts, lat = [], {}
for l in lines:
f = l.split()
if f and f[0] == "growthrss" and len(f) == 4:
pts.append((int(f[2]), int(f[3])))
elif f and f[0].startswith("growth") and len(f) == 5 and f[0][6:].isdigit():
lat[int(f[0][6:])] = (int(f[3]), int(f[4]))
return pts, lat
def bytes_per_row(pts):
"""Steady-state marginal footprint = MEDIAN of the per-interval marginals.
Not a two-point slope: the id hash and index buckets are open-addressing
pow2 and DOUBLE periodically, so a two-point slope lands arbitrarily on or
off a doubling and swings 2x (measured: 96 vs 205 B/row for the same shape).
The median rejects those steps; they are reported separately as `doublings`
because a transient RSS step is exactly what a resident-footprint budget
must leave headroom for."""
marg = sorted((k1 - k0) * 1024.0 / (r1 - r0)
for (r0, k0), (r1, k1) in zip(pts, pts[1:]) if r1 > r0)
if not marg:
return None, 0
med = marg[len(marg) // 2]
doublings = sum(1 for m in marg if m > med * 1.5)
return med, doublings
def growth(metrics):
"""Per-shape footprint and the read-latency curve, under a rootless cap,
with swap ON and OFF.
What this leg actually measures is FOOTPRINT. It does not reach the cap:
GROWTH_N rows need far less than the 512 MiB cap, so both swap legs are
identical by construction and p99_departure_decile is legitimately 0.
The ceiling itself is ceiling() below -- keep the two separate, because a
footprint regression and a ceiling-behaviour change are different faults.
Two earlier claims in this docstring were measured FALSE and are recorded
in docs/stories/databasev2/01-ram-ceiling-measurement.md: swap-off is not
a "clean checked-malloc" path (it is SIGKILL, rc=137), and swap-on is not
"latency collapse" (900k rows finished in 148s capped-with-swap vs 150s
uncapped -- an append-mostly workload never re-touches its cold pages)."""
wrap = cap_wrapper(512, 0)
if wrap is None:
ok("growth: SKIPPED -- no rootless cgroup v2 memory cap on this host")
metrics["growth.available"] = 0
return
metrics["growth.available"] = 1
for shape in GROWTH_SHAPES:
for legname, swap_mb in (("noswap", 0), ("swap", 256)):
w = cap_wrapper(512, swap_mb)
env = dict(os.environ)
argv = w + [BIN, "growth", str(GROWTH_N), shape]
pr = subprocess.run(argv, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
text=True, env=env, timeout=900)
lines = pr.stdout.splitlines()
pts, lat = parse_growth(lines)
key = f"growth.{shape}.{legname}"
if not pts:
bad(f"{key}: produced no samples", (lines[-1] if lines else "no output"))
continue
bpr, doublings = bytes_per_row(pts)
metrics[f"{key}.bytes_per_row"] = int(round(bpr))
metrics[f"{key}.doublings"] = doublings
metrics[f"{key}.rows"] = pts[-1][0]
metrics[f"{key}.rss_kb"] = pts[-1][1]
if lat:
last = max(lat)
metrics[f"{key}.read_p50us"] = lat[last][0]
metrics[f"{key}.read_p99us"] = lat[last][1]
# the curve's departure point: first decile whose p99 exceeds
# 4x the first decile's, as a MEASURED sample not an estimate
first = lat[min(lat)][1]
dep = next((d for d in sorted(lat) if lat[d][1] > max(first, 1) * 4), 0)
metrics[f"{key}.p99_departure_decile"] = dep
ok(f"{key}: {int(round(bpr))} B/row steady, {doublings} doubling step(s), "
f"{pts[-1][0]} rows in {pts[-1][1]} KiB")
CEIL_N, CEIL_CAP_MB = 60000, 8
RAND_N = 60000 if QUICK else 200000
RAND_R = 20000 if QUICK else 40000
RAND_CAP_MB = 6 if QUICK else 14 # over-cap: holds roughly a third of the rows
RAND_FIT_MB = 256 # control: same mechanism, cap simply does not bind
REPLAY_N = 20000 if QUICK else 100000
REPLAY_BOOTS = 3 # median of 3; boot is timed, so noise matters
def ceiling(metrics):
"""The ceiling itself, and the durability claim across it.
Sized so the process CANNOT fit: 60k Int rows need ~9.7 MiB resident
(96.5 B/row measured, plus a ~3.9 MiB base) under an 8 MiB cap, swap off.
Two things are under test and the second is the one that matters:
1. HOW it dies. Measured: SIGKILL, rc=137 -- not a refusal. Table
storage has no checked ceiling, and under vm.overcommit_memory=0
malloc succeeds and the process dies TOUCHING the pages, so it never
gets the chance to report failure. (The VM object arena is the
opposite: WO_HEAP_MB is checked and traps.) rc is asserted, not
recorded as a metric -- when databasev2 2's byte budget lands this
should become a checked refusal, and the gate must not fail on that
improvement.
2. WHAT SURVIVES. With WO_DATA set, replay must yield a contiguous
intact prefix: rows 1..M present with the right v, no holes, and not
reported as corruption. M is wherever the kill landed -- the SHAPE of
the survivor is the claim, not its size, so rows_recovered carries a
wide tolerance. This is ack-after-fsync holding in the one shutdown
path that skips every cleanup handler."""
wrap = cap_wrapper(CEIL_CAP_MB, 0)
if wrap is None:
ok("ceiling: SKIPPED -- no rootless cgroup v2 memory cap on this host")
return
data = os.path.join(ROOT, "bench", f"tmp.{os.getpid()}.ceiling")
shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True); os.makedirs(data, exist_ok=True)
env = dict(os.environ); env["WO_DATA"] = data
pr = subprocess.run(wrap + [BIN, "growth", str(CEIL_N), "int"],
stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
text=True, env=env, timeout=900)
if pr.returncode == 0:
bad("ceiling: process SURVIVED the cap",
f"{CEIL_N} rows fit under {CEIL_CAP_MB} MiB -- footprint changed, resize the leg")
shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True); return
# subprocess returncode is NEGATIVE for signal death (-9 = SIGKILL); 137
# is the SHELL spelling of the same event (128+9). Getting this backwards
# once labelled a SIGKILL as a "checked refusal", which is the exact
# distinction this leg exists to report.
if pr.returncode < 0:
sig = -pr.returncode
how = f"killed by signal {sig}" + (" (SIGKILL -- no checked refusal)" if sig == 9 else "")
else:
how = f"exited {pr.returncode} (checked refusal)"
ok(f"ceiling: died at the cap, {how}")
vr = subprocess.run([BIN, "growth-verify"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, text=True, env=env, timeout=900)
m = re.search(r"^growthverify (\d+)$", vr.stdout, re.M)
if vr.returncode == 0 and m and int(m.group(1)) > 0:
metrics["ceiling.rows_recovered"] = int(m.group(1))
ok(f"ceiling: durable prefix intact across the kill -- {m.group(1)} rows, no holes")
else:
bad("ceiling: durable prefix broken across the kill",
(vr.stdout.strip().splitlines() or ["no output"])[-1][:160])
shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True)
def parse_randread(lines):
"""ops/sec, p50, p99, resolved-read count and post-fill RSS from the
sample's own randread lines. `randreadfilled` also starts with "randread",
so match f[0] exactly, not by prefix."""
ops = p50 = p99 = hits = filled = None
for l in lines:
f = l.split()
if not f:
continue
if f[0] == "randread" and len(f) == 5:
ops, p50, p99 = int(f[2]), int(f[3]), int(f[4])
elif f[0] == "randreadrss" and len(f) == 3:
hits = int(f[2])
elif f[0] == "randreadfilled" and len(f) == 3:
filled = int(f[2])
return ops, p50, p99, hits, filled
def randread(metrics):
"""Random reads over a table LARGER than the memory cap -- the access
pattern the swap measurement was missing.
growth() only inserts, and inserting is append-mostly: cold pages are
written once and never re-read, so swap cost it ~1% (148s vs 150s
uncapped). That result is real but does NOT generalise to "swap is fine".
This leg reads back across the whole range in a Weyl-sequence order, so
most reads must fault a page in.
It matters because it is databasev2 2's `resident: keys` access pattern:
that design reads rows back from a log larger than RAM by construction.
Two runs, identical except for the cap, reading the SAME key order:
- control (RAND_FIT_MB): cap does not bind, everything resident
- over-cap (RAND_CAP_MB): ~a third of the rows fit; swap ON, because
with swap off this configuration is simply SIGKILLed (see ceiling())
The headline is collapse_x, the throughput ratio between them. Tolerances
are wide: the over-cap half is swap I/O, so its absolute numbers are the
box's, while the RATIO is the property of the engine."""
if cap_wrapper(RAND_FIT_MB, 0) is None:
ok("randread: SKIPPED -- no rootless cgroup v2 memory cap on this host")
return
res = {}
for legname, cap_mb, swap_mb in (("resident", RAND_FIT_MB, 0),
("overcap", RAND_CAP_MB, 256)):
w = cap_wrapper(cap_mb, swap_mb)
pr = subprocess.run(w + [BIN, "randread", str(RAND_N), str(RAND_R)],
stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
text=True, env=dict(os.environ), timeout=900)
lines = pr.stdout.splitlines()
ops, p50, p99, hits, filled = parse_randread(lines)
key = f"randread.{legname}"
if pr.returncode != 0 or ops is None:
bad(f"{key}: run failed", f"rc={pr.returncode} {(lines[-1:] or ['no output'])[0][:120]}")
return
if hits != RAND_R:
# a collapse measured over reads that did not resolve is noise
bad(f"{key}: only {hits}/{RAND_R} reads resolved", "keys must all exist")
return
metrics[f"{key}.ops_sec"] = ops
metrics[f"{key}.read_p50us"] = p50
metrics[f"{key}.read_p99us"] = p99
metrics[f"{key}.filled_rss_kb"] = filled
res[legname] = ops
ok(f"{key}: {ops} reads/sec, p50 {p50}us p99 {p99}us, {filled} KiB after fill")
collapse = res["resident"] // max(res["overcap"], 1)
metrics["randread.collapse_x"] = collapse
if collapse < 2:
bad("randread: NO collapse -- the cap did not bind",
f"{RAND_N} rows fit under {RAND_CAP_MB} MiB, resize the leg")
else:
ok(f"randread: random reads over an oversized table collapse {collapse}x "
f"({res['resident']} -> {res['overcap']} reads/sec)")
def wal_used(data_dir):
"""Bytes actually written across the store's WAL files.
The non-zero prefix, NOT the file size: shard WALs are preallocated, so
getsize reports the preallocation (1 MiB) even for an empty store. Same
reason scripts/residency-accept.sh measures it this way.
databasev2 1 and databasev2 3 each grew their own copy of this helper on
separate branches; this is the single one they now share."""
total = 0
for name in sorted(os.listdir(data_dir)):
with open(os.path.join(data_dir, name), "rb") as f:
total += len(f.read().rstrip(b"\x00"))
return total
def time_boot(data_dir):
"""Median wall-clock ms of `boot`, which does nothing at all.
With WO_DATA set the runtime replays the entire WAL BEFORE main runs, so a
mode that does no work measures replay plus a fixed process startup. Any
mode that touched rows would fold its own cost in. Median of REPLAY_BOOTS
because this is wall-clock on a shared box."""
env = dict(os.environ); env["WO_DATA"] = data_dir
samples = []
for _ in range(REPLAY_BOOTS):
t0 = time.monotonic()
pr = subprocess.run([BIN, "boot"], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, env=env, timeout=900)
if pr.returncode != 0:
return None
samples.append((time.monotonic() - t0) * 1000.0)
return sorted(samples)[len(samples) // 2]
def replay(metrics):
"""The replay baseline databasev2 3 has no "before" for.
bench/baseline.json carried zero metrics for replay, restart, boot or
recovery. Iteration 22 proved restart CORRECTNESS; it never timed it, so
iteration 3's "bounded replay" claim had nothing to measure against.
Two shapes with the SAME live dataset and different history lengths:
- inserts: N inserts, N records
- history: N inserts + N updates, 2N records, same N live rows
The live data is identical; only the log is longer. That is iteration 3's
entire case: with no checkpoint, boot replays HISTORY rather than DATA, so a
row updated a thousand times costs a thousand records at every boot,
forever. history_penalty_x is the headline -- the boot cost of history that
a checkpoint would collapse.
Startup is subtracted using an empty store, so the reported ms is replay,
not process spawn."""
empty = os.path.join(ROOT, "bench", f"tmp.{os.getpid()}.replay.empty")
shutil.rmtree(empty, ignore_errors=True); os.makedirs(empty, exist_ok=True)
base_ms = time_boot(empty)
shutil.rmtree(empty, ignore_errors=True)
if base_ms is None:
bad("replay: empty-store boot failed", "cannot establish the startup floor")
return
metrics["replay.startup_ms"] = int(round(base_ms))
ok(f"replay: empty-store startup floor {base_ms:.1f} ms (subtracted below)")
res = {}
for legname, updates in (("inserts", 0), ("history", REPLAY_N)):
data = os.path.join(ROOT, "bench", f"tmp.{os.getpid()}.replay.{legname}")
shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True); os.makedirs(data, exist_ok=True)
env = dict(os.environ); env["WO_DATA"] = data
sr = subprocess.run([BIN, "replayseed", str(REPLAY_N), str(updates)],
stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
env=env, timeout=900)
key = f"replay.{legname}"
if sr.returncode != 0:
bad(f"{key}: seed failed", f"rc={sr.returncode}")
shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True); return
wal = wal_used(data)
boot_ms = time_boot(data)
shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True)
if boot_ms is None:
bad(f"{key}: boot failed", "replay did not complete")
return
records = REPLAY_N + updates
rep_ms = max(boot_ms - base_ms, 0.0)
metrics[f"{key}.ms"] = int(round(rep_ms))
metrics[f"{key}.records"] = records
metrics[f"{key}.wal_bytes"] = wal
# NANOseconds, integer: us_per_record rounded 5.5 and 5.3 to 6 and 5,
# which is too coarse for the one number iteration 3 exists to improve
metrics[f"{key}.ns_per_record"] = int(round(rep_ms * 1e6 / records))
res[legname] = (rep_ms, wal, records)
ok(f"{key}: {rep_ms:.0f} ms replaying {records} records "
f"({rep_ms*1000.0/records:.1f} us/record), WAL {wal} B")
ins_ms, ins_wal, _ = res["inserts"]
his_ms, his_wal, _ = res["history"]
# premise check: an update MUST cost a WAL record, or the two shapes are
# the same measurement and history_penalty_x means nothing
if his_wal < ins_wal * 1.5:
bad("replay: updates are not appending WAL records",
f"history WAL {his_wal} B vs inserts {ins_wal} B -- expected ~2x")
return
ok(f"replay: {REPLAY_N} updates doubled the log ({ins_wal} -> {his_wal} B) "
f"with the live row count unchanged")
penalty = his_ms / max(ins_ms, 1.0)
metrics["replay.history_penalty_x"] = round(penalty, 2)
ok(f"replay: identical dataset, {penalty:.2f}x the boot cost from history alone "
f"({ins_ms:.0f} -> {his_ms:.0f} ms) -- what a checkpoint would collapse")
def checkpoint_leg(metrics):
"""Space reclaimed, boot time, and the stop-the-world PAUSE.
The same workload runs twice, differing only in whether checkpointing can
fire: an enormous floor disables it, a small one lets it. Comparing two runs
of one build is what isolates compaction from everything else the workload
does.
Boot is measured with the sample's `boot` mode, which does nothing at all —
with WO_DATA set the runtime replays the whole log before main runs, so a
mode with no work of its own is the only honest way to price replay."""
ncores = os.cpu_count() or 1
out = {}
for name, knobs in (("off", {"WO_CHECKPOINT_BYTES": "1000000000"}),
("on", {"WO_CHECKPOINT_BYTES": "65536", "WO_CHECKPOINT_RATIO": "2"})):
data = os.path.join(ROOT, "bench", f"tmp.{os.getpid()}.ckpt.{name}")
shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True); os.makedirs(data, exist_ok=True)
env = {"WO_DATA": data, "WO_SHARDS": str(ncores), "WO_WAL_STATS": "1"}
env.update(knobs)
rc, _, _, _ = run(["seed", str(CKPT_SEED)], env, 1800)
if rc != 0:
bad(f"ckpt.{name}.seed", f"rc={rc}"); shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True); return
rc, lines, _, _ = run(["wmix", str(CKPT_OPS), "16"], env, 1800)
if rc != 0:
bad(f"ckpt.{name}.age", f"rc={rc}"); shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True); return
stats = {}
for l in lines:
f = l.split()
if f and f[0] == "walstats":
stats = dict(x.split("=", 1) for x in f[1:] if "=" in x)
used = wal_used(data)
# NOT through run(): it samples RSS on a 250ms poll, so every timing it
# produces floors at the poll quantum — boot measured that way reported
# 251ms both with and without checkpointing, which is the harness's
# clock, not the engine's. Median of 3 because this is wall-clock.
benv = dict(os.environ)
benv.update({"WO_DATA": data, "WO_SHARDS": str(ncores)})
samples = []
brc = 0
for _ in range(3):
t0 = time.monotonic()
pr = subprocess.run([BIN, "boot"], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, env=benv, timeout=900)
samples.append((time.monotonic() - t0) * 1000.0)
brc = pr.returncode or brc
boot_ms = sorted(samples)[1]
if brc != 0:
bad(f"ckpt.{name}.boot", f"rc={brc}"); shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True); return
out[name] = (used, boot_ms, stats)
shutil.rmtree(data, ignore_errors=True)
(off_b, off_boot, _), (on_b, on_boot, st) = out["off"], out["on"]
comps = int(st.get("compactions", 0))
if comps == 0:
bad("ckpt.inert", "no compaction ran — the leg proves nothing about checkpointing")
return
metrics["ckpt.compactions"] = comps
metrics["ckpt.bytes_off"] = off_b
metrics["ckpt.bytes_on"] = on_b
metrics["ckpt.reclaim_x"] = round(off_b / max(on_b, 1), 2)
metrics["ckpt.boot_off_ms"] = int(round(off_boot))
metrics["ckpt.boot_on_ms"] = int(round(on_boot))
metrics["ckpt.pause_us_max"] = int(st.get("compact_us_max", 0))
# The RAW pause scales with the live set, and this workload's live set is
# not fixed: wmix's hist_dump inserts a row per latency bucket, so a noisier
# box produces more buckets, more rows, and a longer pause. Gating the raw
# number against a baseline therefore gates the box. What belongs to the
# ENGINE is the rate, so that is what carries a real tolerance; the raw
# pause keeps the absolute budget assertion below as its guard.
cb = int(st.get("compacted_bytes", 0))
if cb > 0 and metrics["ckpt.pause_us_max"] > 0:
metrics["ckpt.pause_us_per_mb"] = int(round(
metrics["ckpt.pause_us_max"] / (cb / (1024.0 * 1024.0))))
ok(f"ckpt: {off_b} -> {on_b} bytes ({metrics['ckpt.reclaim_x']}x reclaimed) over "
f"{comps} compactions; boot {off_boot:.0f} -> {on_boot:.0f} ms; "
f"stop-the-world pause max {metrics['ckpt.pause_us_max']}us "
f"({metrics.get('ckpt.pause_us_per_mb', 0)}us/MB)")
# the space claim is the point of the feature, so it is asserted, not just recorded
if off_b <= on_b:
bad("ckpt.no-reclaim", f"checkpointing did not shrink the log ({off_b} -> {on_b})")
else:
ok(f"ckpt: the log is smaller with checkpointing on")
# THE BUDGET. Stated, not assumed — the spec refused to assume it.
if metrics["ckpt.pause_us_max"] > CKPT_PAUSE_BUDGET_US:
bad("ckpt.pause-budget",
f"stop-the-world pause {metrics['ckpt.pause_us_max']}us exceeds the stated "
f"{CKPT_PAUSE_BUDGET_US}us budget — alternatives (incremental copy, "
f"fork-and-dump) are bought against THIS number")
else:
ok(f"ckpt: pause within budget ({metrics['ckpt.pause_us_max']} <= {CKPT_PAUSE_BUDGET_US}us)")
def main():
# --check <results.json>: gate-only evaluation of a recorded run — the
# gate-bites smoke doctors a copy and this mode must FAIL on it
if "--check" in sys.argv:
f = sys.argv[sys.argv.index("--check") + 1]
gate(json.load(open(f)))
print()
print(f"db-bench --check: {len(passed) + len(failed)} checks, {len(failed)} failures")
sys.exit(1 if failed else 0)
build()
metrics = campaign()
durability(metrics)
growth(metrics)
ceiling(metrics)
randread(metrics)
replay(metrics)
checkpoint_leg(metrics)
os.makedirs(RESULTS_DIR, exist_ok=True)
stamp = time.strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S")
out = os.path.join(RESULTS_DIR, f"run-{stamp}{'-quick' if QUICK else ''}.json")
json.dump(metrics, open(out, "w"), indent=1, sort_keys=True)
gate(metrics)
print()
print(f"db-bench: {len(passed) + len(failed)} checks, {len(failed)} failures "
f"(results: {os.path.relpath(out, ROOT)})")
sys.exit(1 if failed else 0)
main()