writeonce/docs/stories/databasev2/08-query-grammar-corpus.md

track	iteration	was_language_iteration	status	readiness
databasev2	8	27	hold	refine

databasev2 8 — query grammar, driven by real embedded-DB corpora

Moved 2026-08-26 from the language track, where this was iteration 27. Part of Story — databasev2: the database beyond RAM. Content unchanged by the move; its dependencies are restated in that track index.

Format: product/story-iteration-template. Part of Story — one language, one runtime, one database, one binary — the track this iteration was authored in before the 2026-08-26 move.

Inserted 2026-08-16. A query-surface iteration in the 9b family: the language-integrated query grows to cover the grammar that real applications backed by an embedded SQL database actually use — measured, not guessed, by cataloguing a real app and adding only the constructs it depends on. The method is the postgres/System.Linq reference pattern applied to a whole application: an embedded-SQLite app is a grammar corpus; each one analysed drives a grammar increment.

No spec exists yet. The forks in Info are genuine decisions.

Why this iteration exists

The 9b query surface ships scan / where / select / order by / take, ref/backlink navigation, insert / update / delete, @unique, and FK restrict (all running, docs/examples/employee). What it does NOT yet cover is everything past that — and "everything" is unbounded, so the sensible way to choose the next grammar is to point at a real program that uses an embedded SQL database and add exactly what it needs.

Corpus #1: ~/projects/skillhost (a C++ MCP host, embedded SQLite as its in-memory skill catalog; surveyed 2026-08-16). Its entire SQL footprint is one file (src/catalog/catalog.cpp, 172 lines): one table + index, a single-row parameterized INSERT, and four SELECTs. Mapping each statement to the writeonce query surface:

skillhost statement	writeonce today
INSERT INTO skills (…) VALUES (?,…)	✅ insert Skill { … }
SELECT … WHERE name = ?	✅ from s in Skill where s.name == n select s (unique-index probe)
SELECT … ORDER BY name	✅ from s in Skill order by s.name select s
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM skills	❌ whole-query count
SELECT … WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM skills c WHERE c.parent = s.name) ORDER BY name	❌ correlated not exists subquery

So the real grammar gap this corpus demands is two constructs, and — importantly — neither is the parked full group-by/projection machinery. Everything else SQLite offers (JOIN, HAVING, LIMIT/OFFSET, DISTINCT, CTE, window functions, UNION, UPSERT, RETURNING, JSON1, FTS5, triggers, generated columns) skillhost does not touch, so none of it is in scope here.

Goals

• Whole-query count: count(from s in Table [where …] select …) yields an Int — the trivial, group-free special case of aggregation (materialize the query, take its length). It is a stepping stone toward, and independent of, the parked group-by aggregation.
• Existence subqueries: exists(<query>) and not exists(<query>) as a boolean, usable in a where guard, where the inner query may reference the outer range variable (a correlated subquery — skillhost's roots-of-the- tree query). Short-circuits: existence needs only the first matching row.
• Parity, proven by translation: a new docs/examples/skill-catalog sample mirrors skillhost's schema and expresses all five of its statements in writeonce, producing results identical to what skillhost's SQLite returns for the same data.

Acceptance Criteria

• What to achieve?
  • Given count(from s in Skill select s) and count(from s in Skill where s.parent == nil select s),
  • when compiled and run,
  • then each yields the correct row count as an Int, lowered to a materialize-then-length over the existing scan/where loop — no group machinery, provable by disassembly.
• What to achieve?
  • Given from s in Skill where not exists(from c in Skill where c.parent == s.name select c) order by s.name select s — the roots of the skill tree,
  • when run over a catalog with parent/child skills,
  • then it returns exactly the childless skills in name order, and the inner query correctly sees the outer s (correlation), matching skillhost's NOT EXISTS result row-for-row.
• What to achieve?
  • Given the skill-catalog sample seeded with the same rows a skillhost session would load,
  • when each of skillhost's five catalog operations is run through the writeonce translation,
  • then every result matches, and the sample's README records the one translation choice made (see fork 1).

Out Of Scope

• Full group-by aggregation (group … by … into g … select { count(g), avg(g.f) }) — still parked (9b's deferral). Whole-query count here is the degenerate case, not the general one; sum/avg/min/max as query aggregates ride with the group-by iteration.
• Every SQL construct skillhost does not use: JOIN, HAVING, LIMIT/OFFSET (writeonce has take; skip/offset waits for a workload), DISTINCT, CTE / WITH RECURSIVE, window functions, UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT, UPSERT / ON CONFLICT, RETURNING, multi-row VALUES, INSERT … SELECT, JSON1 operators, FTS5, triggers, generated columns, explicit collation. Each enters only when a corpus demands it — that is this iteration's whole method.
• A resident SQL parser — the doctrine stands: skillhost is a grammar corpus to translate against, never a syntax writeonce adopts. No SQL text in a compiled image.
• Subqueries in general beyond correlated exists/not exists (e.g. a subquery producing a value, IN (subquery), scalar subqueries) — add when a corpus uses them.

Info

Forks the spec must settle:

1. Does skillhost's NOT EXISTS even need a subquery, or does a backlink express it? skillhost's skills table is self-referential (parent → a name), and its roots query is "skills no other skill names as parent." In writeonce that is naturally a backlink emptiness: give Skill a children: backlink Skill.parent and write where len(s.children) == 0 — no subquery at all, using machinery that already exists (backlink probe) plus a len on the result. So the corpus may be fully expressible today once count/len over a query lands, making exists strictly optional for skillhost. Leaning: ship whole-query count/len (needed regardless), and add exists/not exists as the general construct for correlations a backlink cannot express (a correlation on a non-relation column) — but let the skill-catalog sample use the idiomatic backlink form for its roots query and record the subquery form as the alternative. This keeps the new surface minimal and honest about what the corpus actually forces.

2. count vs len. writeonce already has len/count builtins on a multi. A query yields a multi, so len(from … select …) may already work with no new surface at all — the "gap" could be purely that a bare query in argument position typechecks and lowers. Leaning: verify len(<query>) works end to end first; if it does, whole-query count is a documentation/alias matter, not new code, and the only real new construct in this iteration is the existence subquery (fork 1's optional half). The spec must confirm this against the running compiler before committing scope.

3. Correlated-subquery execution. If exists lands, the inner query references the outer row, so it re-evaluates per outer row (a nested loop) or uses the referenced index. Leaning: nested-loop for correctness first (the data is small; skillhost's catalog is dozens of skills), index-backed probe as the optimization the spec records — mirroring how 9b did scans before index selection.

Method note (the durable part): this iteration establishes the pattern for all future query-grammar growth — catalogue a real embedded-DB application, add only the constructs it uses, translate its statements 1:1 as the acceptance, and park the rest by name. skillhost is corpus #1 and, tellingly, needs almost nothing beyond what 9b already shipped — which is itself the strongest evidence that the 9b surface was scoped right.

Proposed Solution

• Brainstorm the spec settling the three forks — especially forks 1/2, which may collapse the iteration to "confirm len(<query>) works + add exists," a very small increment.
• Acceptance workload: docs/examples/skill-catalog — Skill { name: Text @unique, description: Text, location: Text, root: Text, parent: ?ref Skill, children: backlink Skill.parent } and a CLI mirroring skillhost's catalog operations (add, get-by-name, list, list-roots, count), each a direct translation of the corresponding SQLite statement, with an acceptance script asserting the same results skillhost produces.
• Expected shape: small parser/type/emit additions for exists/not exists (a query in boolean position, correlated), whole-query count/len confirmed or wired, and the sample + script. No engine format change beyond what 9b already appended.